Distinguished Professor and Associate Dean of College of Education Graduate Institute of Information and Computer Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan
Degrees:
Doctor of Philosophy, Educational Technology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
Master of Science, Educational Technology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
Bachelor of Science, Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
Tu, H.-Y.; Lee*, S. W.-Y. (accepted). Curiosity, interest, and engagement: Unpacking their roles in students’ learning within a virtual game environment. Journal of Educational Computing Research.
2.
Lee*, S. W.‐Y., Tu, H.-Y., Chen, C.-L., & Lin, H.-M. (2023). Exploring the multifaceted roles of mathematics learning in predicting students' computational thinking competency. International Journal of STEM Education, 10(64). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-023-00455-2 (SSCI Journal) (first author) (corresponding author)
3.
Lee, S. W.‐Y., Liang, J.‐C., Hsu*, C.-Y., Chien, F.-P., & Tsai, M.-J. (2023). Exploring potential factors to students' computational thinking: Interactions between gender and ICT-resource differences in Taiwanese junior high schools. Educational Technology & Society, 26(3), 176-189. https://doi.org/10.30191/ETS.202307_26(3).0013 (SSCI Journal)
4.
Cheng*, K. -H., Lee*, S. W.‐Y., & Hsu, Y.-T. (2023). The roles of epistemic curiosity and situational interest in students' attitudinal learning in immersive virtual reality environments. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 61(2), 494-519. https://doi.org/10.1177/07356331221121284 (SSCI Journal)
5.
Lee, S. W.‐Y., Liang, J.‐C., Hsu*, C.-Y., & Tsai, M.-J. (2023). Students’ beliefs about computer programming predict their computational thinking and computer programming self-efficacy. Interactive Learning Environments, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2023.2194929 (SSCI Journal)
6.
Lee*, S. W.‐Y. (2022). Investigating the effects of explicit instructional approaches on students’ understanding of scientific models and modeling. Research in Science & Technological Education, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2022.2153244 (SSCI Journal)
7.
Chang, H. -Y., Binali, T., Liang, J.-C., Chiou, G. -L., Cheng, K. -H., Lee, S. W.‐Y., & Tsai, C. -C. (2022). Ten years of augmented reality in education: A meta-analysis of (quasi-) experimental studies to investigate the impact. Computers & Education, 191, 104641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104641 (SSCI Journal)
8.
Lee*, S. W.‐Y., Hsu, Y.-T., & Cheng, K.‐H. (2022). Do curious students learn more science in an immersive virtual reality environment? Exploring the impact of advance organizers and epistemic curiosity. Computers & Education, 182, 104456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104456 (SSCI Journal)
9.
Tsai, M.-J., Chien, F.-P., Lee, S. W.-Y., Hsu, C.-Y., & Liang, J.-C. (2022). Development and Validation of the Computational Thinking Test for Elementary School Students (CTT-ES): Correlate CT Competency with CT Disposition. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/07356331211051043 (SSCI Journal)
10.
Tsai, M.-J., Liang, J.-C., Lee, S. W.-Y., & Hsu, C.-Y. (2022). Structural validation for the developmental model of computational thinking. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 60(1), 56-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/07356331211017794 (SSCI Journal)
11.
Lee*, S. W.‐Y., Luan, H., Lee, M.‐H., Chang, H.‐Y., Liang, J.‐C., Lee, Y.‐H., Lin, T.‐J., Wu, A.‐H., Chiu, Y.‐J., & Tsai, C.‐C. (2021). Measuring epistemologies in science learning and teaching: A systematic review of the literature. Science Education, 105, 880–907. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.21663 (SSCI Journal)
12.
Wang, Y.-J., Lee*, S. W.-Y., Liu, C.-C., Lin, P.-C., & Wen, C.-T. (2021). Investigating the links between students’ learning engagement and modeling competence in computer-supported modeling-based activities. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 30(3), 751-765. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-021-09916-1 (SSCI Journal)
13.
Lee*, S. W.-Y., Shih, M., Liang, J.-C., & Tseng, Y.-C. (2021). Investigating learners' engagement and science learning outcomes in different designs of participatory simulated games. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(3), 1197–1214. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13067 (SSCI Journal)
14.
Chang, H.-Y., Lin, T.-J., Lee, M.-H., Lee, S. W.-Y., Lin, T.-C., Tan, A.-L, & Tsai*, C.-C. (2020). A systematic review of trends and findings in research employing drawing assessment in science education. Studies in Science Education, 56(1), 77-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057267.2020.1735822 (SSCI Journal)
15.
Lee*, S. W.-Y. (2018). Identifying the item hierarchy and charting the progression across grade levels: Surveying Taiwanese students’ understanding of scientific models and modeling. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 16(8), 1409-1430 https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10763-017-9854-y. (SSCI Journal)
16.
Yang*, F. Y., Tsai, M. L., Chiou, G. L., Lee, S. W. Y., Chang, C. C., & Chen, L. L. (2018). Instructional suggestions supporting science learning in digital environments based on a review of eye tracking studies. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 21(2), 28-45. (SSCI Journal)
17.
Yang, F.Y., Liu, S.-Y., Hsu, C.-Y., Chiou*, G.-L., Wu, H.-K., Wu, Y.-T., Chen, S.-F., Liang, J.-C., Tsai, M.-J., Lee, S. W.-Y., Lee, M.-H., Lin, C.-L., Chu, R.-J., Tsai, C.-C. (2018). Highschool students’ epistemic knowledge of science and its relation to learner factors in science learning. Research in Science Education, 48(2), 325–344. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11165-016-9570-6. (SSCI Journal)
18.
Lee*, S. W.-Y., Chang, H.-Y., Wu, H.-K. (2017). Students’ views of scientific models and modeling: Do representational characteristics of models and students’ educational levels matter? Research in Science Education, 47(2), 305-328. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11165-015-9502-x. (SSCI Journal)
19.
Lee*, S. W.-Y., Liang, J.-C., & Tsai, C.-C. (2016). Do sophisticated epistemic beliefs predict meaningful learning? Findings from a structural equation model of undergraduate biology learning. International Journal of Science Education, 38(15), 2327-2345. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2016.1240384. (SSCI Journal)
20.
Chang, H.-Y., Wang, C.-Y., Lee, M.-H., Wu, H.-K., Liang, J.-C., Lee, S. W.-Y., Chiou, G.-L., Lo, H.-C., Lin, J.-W., Hsu, C.-Y., Wu, Y.-T., Chen, S., Hwang, F.-K., Tsai*, C.-C. (2015). A review of features of technology-supported learning environments based on participants' perceptions. Computers in Human Behavior, 53, 223-237(SSCI Journal).
21.
Wang*, C.-Y., Wu, H.-K., Lee, S W.-Y., Hwang, F.-K., Chang, H.-Y., Wu, Y.-T., Chiou, G.-L., Chen, S., Liang, J.-C., Lin, J.-W., Lo, H.-C., & Tsai, C.-C. (2014). A review of research on technology-assisted school science laboratories. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 17 (2), 307–320. (SSCI Journal)
22.
Lee*, S. W.-Y. (2013). Investigating students' learning approaches, perceptions of online discussions, and students' online and academic performance. Computers & Education, 68, 345–352 https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.compedu.2013.05.019. (SSCI Journal)
23.
Wu*, H.-K., Lee, S. W.-Y., Chang, H.-Y., & Liang, J.-C. (2013). Current status, opportunities and challenges of augmented reality in education. Computers & Education, 62, 41-49. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.compedu.2012.10.024. (SSCI Journal)
24.
Lee*, S. W.-Y. & Tsai, C.-C. (2013). Technology-supported learning in secondary and undergraduate biological education: Observations from literature review. Journal of Science Education & Technology, 22(2), 226-233. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10956-012-9388-6. (SSCI Journal)
25.
Lai, M.-L., Tsai, M.-J., Yang*, F.-Y., Hsu, C.-Y., Liu, T.-C., Lee, S. W.-Y., Lee, M.-H., Chiou, G.-L., Liang, J.-C., Tsai, C.-C. (2013). A Review of Using Eye-Tracking Technology in Exploring Learning from 2000 to 2012. Educational Research Review, 10, 90-115. (SSCI Journal)
26.
Wu, Y.-T., Hou, H.-T., Hwang, F.-K., Lee, M.-H., Lai, C.-H., Chiou, G.-L., Lee, S. W.-Y., Hsu, Y.-C., Liang, J.-C., Chen, N.-S., & Tsai*, C.-C. (2013). A review of intervention studies on technology-assisted instruction from 2005-2010. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 16(3), 191–203. (SSCI Journal)
27.
Chen, S., Lo, H.-C., Lin, J.-W., Liang, J.-C., Chang, H.-Y., Huang, F.-K., Chiou, G.-L., Wu, Y.-T., Lee, S. W.-Y., Wu, H.-K., Wang, C.-Y., & Tsai*, C.-C. (2012). Development and implications of technology in reform-based physics laboratories. Physical Review Special Topics-Physics Education Research, 8, 020113. https://doi.org/ 10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.8.020113. (SSCI Journal)
28.
Lee, S. W.-Y., Lai, Y.-C., Yu, H.-T. A., & Lin*, Y. K. (2012). Impact of biology laboratory courses on students’ science performance and views about laboratory courses in general: Innovative measurements and analyses. Journal of Biological Education, 46(3), 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2011.634017. (SSCI/SCI Journal)
29.
Lee*, S. W.-Y., & Tsai, C.-C. (2012). Students’ domain-specific scientific epistemological beliefs: A comparison between biology and physics. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 21(2), 215-229. (SSCI Journal)
30.
Lee*, S. W.-Y., & Tsai, C.-C. (2011). Identifying patterns of collaborative knowledge exploration in online asynchronous discussions. Instructional Science, 39, 321-347. (SSCI Journal)
31.
Lee*, S. W.-Y., & Tsai, C.-C. (2011). Students' perception of collaboration, self-regulated learning, and information seeking in the context of Internet-based learning and traditional learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 905-914. (SSCI Journal)
32.
Lee, S. W.-Y., Tsai*, C.-C., Wu, Y.-T., Tsai, M.-J., Liu, T.-C., Hwang, F.-K., Lai, C.-H., Liang, J.-C., Wu, H.-C., & Chang, C.-Y. (2011). Internet-based science learning: a review of journal publications. International Journal of Science Education, 33(14), 1893-1925. (SSCI Journal)
33.
Walker, D. S., Lee, W.-Y., Skov, N. M., Berger, C. F., & Athey, B. D. (2002). Investigating users' requirements: Computer-based anatomy modules for multiple-user test beds. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 9(4), 311-319. (SSCI Journal)
English Conference Papers
1.
Lan, C.-Y., Lee*, S. W.-Y. (2024). Comparing the Impact of Immersive Virtual Reality and E-Books on Learners’ Reading Experiences. Paper presented at 2024 EdMedia. Brussels, Belgium.
2.
Tu, H.-Y., Lee*, S. W.-Y., & Hsu, T.-Y.(2023) Examining different affective factors in learning with virtual reality. Paper presented at The 31th International Conference on Computers in Education (ICCE 2023). Shimane, Japan.
3.
Lee*, S. W.-Y. (2023). Exploring the impact of design elements for self-regulated learning in immersive virtual reality–a quasi-experimental design. Paper presented at International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation 2023 (ICERI 2023). Spain, Seville.
4.
Lee*, S. W.-Y. (2023). Modeling students’ learning in an immersive virtual reality environment with self-regulated learning strategies. Paper presented at 2023 EdMedia + Innovate Learning Summit Highlights. Vienna, Austria.
5.
Lee*, S. W.-Y. (2023). The roles of gender and programming self-efficacy in predicting students’ intention to learn robotics. Paper presented at 2023 11th International Conference on Information and Education Technology (ICIET 2023). Fujisawa, Japan.
6.
Wang*, Y.-C. & Lee, S. W.-Y. (2022). The Effects of Meta-cognitive Guidance and Scientific Inquiry Self-efficacy on Students’ Understanding of Models and Force Concepts. Paper presented at The 38th Annual International Conference of Science Education (ASET 2022). Hsinchu, Taiwan.
7.
Tu, H.-Y., Lee*, S. W.-Y. (2022)The role of epistemic curiosity in 3D virtual game for science learning. Paper presented at The 30th International Conference on Computers in Education (ICCE 2022). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
8.
Hsu, Y.-T., Lee*, S. W.-Y., & Cheng K.-H. (2021). Investigating the impact of immersive virtual reality environment on science learning. Paper presented at 2021 International Conference of East-Asian Association for Science Education. Shizuoka, Japan.
9.
Wang, Y.-J., Lee*, S. W.-Y., Lin, P.-C., & Liu, C.-C. (2019). Linking the learning processes to learning engagement and learning outcomes: How well did the students learn in modeling-based computer simulation activities. Paper presented at The 27th International Conference on Computers in Education (ICCE 2019). Kenting, Taiwan.
10.
Lee*, S. W.-Y. & Lin, H,-M. (2019). Validating an instrument for epistemic awareness of scientific model and modeling and investigating its relationship to scientific epistemic beliefs. Paper presented at Personal Epistemology and Learning conference. Taipei, Taiwan.
11.
Lee*, S. W.-Y. (2019). Assessing ninth grade students’ understanding of force and motion models and investigating its relationship to the conception of learning Science. Paper presented at The 13th Biennial Conference of the European Science Education Research Association. Bologna, Italy.
12.
Li, D.-R., Wu, Y.-B., Tsai, M.-J., & Lee, S. W.-Y. (2019). Gifted students’ visual behaviors of reading scratch programs: the role of computational thinking. Paper presented at The 18th Biennial EARLI Conference. Aachen, Germany.
13.
Wang, Y.-C. & Lee*, S. W.-Y. (2019). The impact of modeling activity incorporating computer simulation on students’ understanding of models and modeling performance. Paper presented at The 23rd Global Chinese Conference on Computers in Education. Wuhan, China.
14.
Lee*, S. W.-Y. (2019). Does model construction lead to better learning outcomes? A comparison of two model-based curricula. Paper will be presented at The 2019 Annual International Conference of the American Education Research Association. Toronto, Canada.
15.
Wang, Y.-C. & Lee*, S. W.-Y. (2018). Developing a modeling-oriented test items based on force concepts in physics. Paper presented at 2018 International Conference of East-Asian Association for Science Education. Hualien, Taiwan.
16.
Hsu, Y.-T. & Lee*, S. W.-Y. (2018). Evaluating elementary school students’ understanding of the evaporation and condensation through model-oriented questions. Paper presented at 2018 International Conference of East-Asian Association for Science Education. Hualien, Taiwan.
17.
Lee*, S. W.-Y., Liang, J.-C., & Tsai, C.-C. (2018). A comparison of the students’ engagement in participatory and non-participatory simulations. Paper presented at The 4th International Symposium on Educational Technology. Osaka, Japan.
18.
Shih, M.-L., Huang, Y.-N., Liang, J.-C., Lee, M.-H. & Lee, S. W.-Y. (2017). The relationships of Taiwanese college students’ conceptions, approaches, and self- efficacy to learning civil engineering in a flipped classroom. Paper presented at The 25th International Conference on Computers in Education. Christchurch, New Zealand.
19.
Lee*, S. W.-Y. (2017). Advancing students’ understanding of models and modeling through different curriculum design. Paper presented at The 12th Conference of the European Science Education Research Association. Dublin, Ireland.
20.
Lee*, S. W.-Y. (2016). Experiences of designing and implementing model-based instruction in Taiwan. Paper presented at 2016 International Conference of East-Asian Association for Science Education. Tokyo, Japan.
21.
Lee*, S. W.-Y. (2016). Rasch validation and measurement of students' understanding of the nature of models: A new computer-based questionnaire. Paper presented at The 2016 Annual International Conference of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching. Baltimore, USA.
22.
Tseng, Y.-C., Lee*, S. W.-Y. & Wang, A. (2015). Comparison of students’ perceptions of small group discussion in online and face-to-face environments. Paper presented at The 23nd International Conference on Computers in Education. Hangzhou, China.
23.
Lee*, S. W.-Y., Wu, H.-K., Chang, H.-Y. (2015). Students' views of model evaluation and change of models in different science context. Paper presented at The 2015 Annual International Conference of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching. Chicago, USA.
24.
Rosenberg, J. M., Schwarz, C. V., Lee, S. W.-Y., & Akcaoglu, M. (2015). A comparative longitudinal case study of the use of scientific modeling in the pedagogical practice of two fifth-grade science teachers. Paper presented at The 2015 Annual International Conference of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching. Chicago, USA.
25.
Lee*, S. W.-Y., Wu, H.-K., Chang, H.-Y. (2014). Understanding middle and high school students' views of model evaluation and model change. Paper presented at The 22nd International Conference on Computers in Education. Nara, Japan.
26.
Rosenberg, J. M., Schwarz, C. V., Akcaoglu, M., & Lee*, S. W.-Y. (2014). Comparative longitudinal case studies of two middle school teachers’ use of scientific modeling. Poster presented at 2014 Advances in Educational Psychology Conference. Alexandria, VA, USA.
27.
Liang, J.-C., Lee*, S. W.-Y., Shih, M.-L., & Chiou, G.-L. (2013). Epistemic beliefs, conceptions of and approaches to learning biology among college students. Paper presented at The 15th Biennal Conference of the European Association for Research in Learning and Instruction. Munich, Germany.
28.
Lee*, S. W.-Y., Liang, J.-C., Chai, C.-S., & Tsai, C.-C. (2013). Young scholars’ epistemic beliefs of biology. Paper presented at The International Conference for Science Educators and Teachers. Pattaya, Thailand.
29.
Chou, T.-C. & Lee*, S. W.-Y. (2013). A survey Research of high school students’ epistemological believes and learning approaches to different topics of biology. Paper presented at 2013 International Conference of East-Asian Association for Science Education. Hong Kong, China.
30.
Kuo, Y.-C., Lai, M.-L., & Lee*, S. W.-Y. (2013). An eye-movement study on solving arithmetic word problems that contain irrelevant information. Paper presented at 2013 International Conference of East-Asian Association for Science Education. Hong Kong, China.
31.
Shih, M.-K., Lee*, S. W.-Y., & Chen, C.-T. (2012). Integrating simulations in teaching of science argumentation. Paper presented at The 20th International Conference on Computers in Education. Singapore.
32.
Lee*, S. W.-Y., Chang, H.-Y., & Wu, H.-K. (2012). Relationships between Representational Characteristics, Students’ Education Levels, and Beliefs of Models. Paper presented at International Conference of the Learning Sciences. Sydney, Australia.
33.
Yang, Y.-F. & Lee*, S. W.-Y. (2011). Adult Learners’ attitudes toward web-based professional development and Internet self-efficacy in Taiwan. Paper presented at The 19th International Conference on Computers in Education. ChiangMai, Thailand.
34.
Lee*, S. W.-Y. (2011). Relationships between students’ learning approaches, views of nature of science, and performances in online discussions. Paper presented at 42nd Annual ASERA Conference of the Australasian Science Education Research Association. Adelaide, South Australia.
35.
Lee*, S. W.-Y., Shih, M., & Tsai, C.-C. (2010). Students’ conception of and approach to blended learning. Paper presented at Asia-Pacific Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning. Osaka, Japan.
36.
Lee*, S. W.-Y., Lin, W.-T., & Yu, H.-T. (2009). Impact of laboratory on students’ academic achievement and investigation planning. Paper presented at European Science Research Education Association (ESERA) Conference. Istanbul, Turkey.
37.
Lee*, S. W.-Y. & Tsai, C.-C. (2009). College students' domain-specific epistemological beliefs of sciences: A comparison of students' conception of biology and physics. Paper presented at the National Association of Research in Science Teaching. San Diego, CA.
38.
Yoon, K.-S., Duncan, T., Lee*, S. W.-Y., Shapley, K. (2008). Review of Evidence on the Effects of Teacher Professional Development on Student Achievement: Findings and Suggestions for Future Evaluation Designs. Paper presented at the American Education Research Association. New York, NY.
39.
Bootel, J., Holland-Coviello, R., & Lee*, S. W.-Y. (2007). Student Progress Monitoring in a Response to Intervention World: Helping Classrooms to Implement Best Practices. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of Council for Exceptional Children. Louisville, Kentucky.
40.
Lee*, W.-Y. (2006). The Interplay between Self-Directed Learning and Social Interactions: Collaborative Knowledge Building in Online Problem-Based Discussions. In proceedings of the International Conference of Learning Sciences. Bloomington, IN.
41.
Lee*, W.-Y. (2004). Is that a pulmonary? Is that artery or vein?: Intertextual knowledge-building with a computer. Paper presented at the 17th Annual Conference on Interdisciplinary Qualitative Studies, Athens, GA
42.
Lee*, W.-Y. (2003). Community as a framework for analyzing distance learning education. Paper presented at the International Conference on Communities and Technologies in the workshop of Ubiquitous and Mobile Computing for Educational Communities, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
43.
Lee*, W.-Y. (2003). Interactional discourse analysis for asynchronous online discussions. Paper presented at the Third Annual Interdisciplinary Conference on Qualitative Research, Ann Arbor, MI.
44.
Lee*, W.-Y., Skov, N., Walker, D. S., & Berger, C. (2003). Characterizing anatomy learning through design research: Formative evaluation of computer-based image browsers. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of American Education Research Association, Chicago, IL.
45.
Lee, W.-Y., Rex, L., & Berger, C. (2002). Constructing anatomy literacy: How students use computer-based media in a dissecting lab. In P. Bell, R. Stevens & T. Satwicz (Eds.), Keeping Learning Complex: Proceedings of the International Conference of Learning Sciences (ICLS). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
46.
Lee, W.-Y., Walker, D., Skov, N., & Berger, C. (2002). Investigating user requirements: Design of computer-based anatomy learning modules for multiple user groups. In P. Barker & S. Rebelsky (Eds.), Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications. Denver, CO: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
47.
Skov, N., Lee, W.-Y., Walker, D. S., & Berger, C. (2002). Visible Human browsers: Formative evaluation based on student feedback. In Proceedings of the Fourth Visible Human Conference. Keystone, CO.
English Book and Book Chapters
1.
Lee, S. W.-Y. (2006) Constructing anatomy literacy: Intertextual knowledge building with computer-based learning media. In L. A. Rex (Ed.), Discourse of Opportunity: How Talk in Learning Situations Creates and Constrains: Hampton Press.
Yoon, K. S., Duncan, T., Lee, S. W.-Y. , & Scarloss, B. (2007) A Systematic Review of the Research Evidence on the Effectiveness of Teacher Professional Development on Student Achievement. Technical report for Regional Educational Laboratory Southwest (REL‑SW). http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/edlabs/projects/project.asp?id=70.
2.
Shami, M., Kim, K., Villenas, C., Holland-Coviello, R., Lee, S. W.-Y., Short, S., et al. (2006). National Center on Student Progress Monitoring: Year Three Evaluation Report. Washington DC: Office of Special Education Programs U.S. Department of Education.
3.
Lee, S. W.‑Y., Lampron, S., Tepfer, T. (2006). Performance Tracking System technical report 3. Seattle, WA: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. [Due to a confidentiality agreement with the client, the title of this report cannot be disclosed.]